A] Prelude*
* For more information on China pension plans and pension systems in general, feel free to visit our dedicated webpages:
https://expatpensionholland.nl/china-expat-pensions
https://expatpensionholland.nl/global-pillars-systems
https://expatpensionholland.nl/global-social-security-coverage
B] Latest Development
China's decision to raise the retirement age will give a brief boost to its strained pension system but risks further discouraging weary young workers and cannot arrest long-term demographic decline, experts say.
The ruling Communist Party last week announced a gradual increase in the statutory retirement age starting next year — rising from 60 to 63 for men, from 55 to 58 for white-collar women workers, and from 50 to 55 for blue-collar female employees.
The government said the changes would bring a system that has changed little since the 1950s into line with decades of improvements in public health, life expectancy and education, and help society adapt to a shrinking population and workforce.
Analysts told that growing concerns over the sustainability of the nationwide pension system pushed Beijing to act. "The pension system is under a lot of strain," said Zhao Litao, a senior research fellow at the National University of Singapore's East Asian Institute. "It is... clear to the leadership that the stakes for postponing the reform (were) getting increasingly high," he said.
China's retirement age had been among the youngest in the world, and officials have discussed raising it for more than a decade. Opposition from lower-wage workers, a slowing economy and high youth unemployment had thwarted change, experts said. Officials could wait no longer, Zhao said, partly because "the pace of population-aging and population-decline is faster than previously anticipated."
C] Pension tensions
China's sprawling pension system has three pillars: basic state pensions, mandatory plans for company employees, and voluntary plans for private personal schemes. But the state-led scheme lacks coordination at a national level, while the latter two pillars remain underdeveloped, critics say.
A top government think tank said in a 2019 report that one main state pension fund may dry up by 2035 as the workforce shrinks. Around a third of Chinese provinces already run pension deficits, and local finances have come under more stress since the COVID-19 pandemic.
Xiujian Peng, a senior research fellow at Australia's Victoria University, said the higher retirement age would ease pressure on the system "in the short and medium term." Under the new rules, the age will rise incrementally over 15 years from 2025, so younger people will end up working for longer than those currently close to retiring.
Workers will eventually need to make a minimum of 20 years of contributions to draw their basic pension, up from the current 15 years. "After the government increases the retirement age, this decline (in the number of workers) will become... slower," Peng told AFP. But, she added, "the labor force is still declining — this is a (longer-term) trend."
D] Working longer
But economic necessity has not necessarily bred widespread acceptance. Many posts on Chinese social media have pointed to a perceived lack of transparency over how workers born from the 1990s onwards would be impacted. Those generations already face widespread joblessness or an intense work culture that leaves many feeling overwhelmed or burnt out.
"For many Chinese individuals, these changes in retirement policies feel like a reneged commitment of social welfare provision — kicking the problem down an already murky road," Yun Zhou, a sociologist at the University of Michigan said. "As gender- and age-based discriminations remain deeply entrenched in the Chinese labor market, it remains to be seen to what extent workers... can enjoy effective labor rights protection," she said.
Dali Yang, professor of political science at the University of Chicago, said the government faced a "loss of credibility" on pensions. Recent economic challenges have already prompted many Chinese to prioritize short-term cash over saving for retirement, Yang told.
E] More change required and expected
Chinese state media has said a rise in the retirement age was "inevitable" given the country's development. The current age was set decades ago when scarcity and poverty were common, before market reforms brought rapid gains in living standards.
Life expectancy rose from around 50 in the early 1960s to 79 by 2022, according to World Bank data. But development coincided with families having fewer children, hastened by decades of birth restrictions under the former one-child policy. Now, China is stuck with a growing senior population and fewer young people to fill the gap.
Experts said only a suite of bold policies — from creating high-quality jobs to raising productivity, expanding public healthcare, fostering better work-life balance and raising the social position of women — could help Beijing adapt to its alarming demographic destiny.
Several told that last week's announcement was unlikely to be the last of its kind. "There is still considerable room to further increase the retirement age," Zhao, of NUS, said. But, he added, "if (younger people) have to work longer and contribute more... they want to get answers for questions like job security and quality, and the level of future pension benefits."